diff --git a/clcache.py b/clcache.py
index cd299de8..c37c5fb9 100644
--- a/clcache.py
+++ b/clcache.py
@@ -1468,30 +1468,38 @@ def processDirect(cache, objectFile, compiler, cmdLine, sourceFile):
     baseDir = normalizeBaseDir(os.environ.get('CLCACHE_BASEDIR'))
     manifestHash = ManifestRepository.getManifestHash(compiler, cmdLine, sourceFile)
     manifestSection = cache.manifestRepository.section(manifestHash)
+    invalidManifest = False
+
     with cache.lock:
         manifest = manifestSection.getManifest(manifestHash)
         if manifest is not None:
-            # NOTE: command line options already included in hash for manifest name
-            includesContentHash = ManifestRepository.getIncludesContentHashForFiles(
-                [expandBasedirPlaceholder(include, baseDir) for include in manifest.includeFiles])
-            cachekey = manifest.includesContentToObjectMap.get(includesContentHash)
-            if cachekey is not None:
-                if cache.compilerArtifactsRepository.section(cachekey).hasEntry(cachekey):
-                    return processCacheHit(cache, objectFile, cachekey)
+            try:
+                # NOTE: command line options already included in hash for manifest name
+                includesContentHash = ManifestRepository.getIncludesContentHashForFiles(
+                    [expandBasedirPlaceholder(include, baseDir) for include in manifest.includeFiles])
+                cachekey = manifest.includesContentToObjectMap.get(includesContentHash)
+                if cachekey is not None:
+                    if cache.compilerArtifactsRepository.section(cachekey).hasEntry(cachekey):
+                        return processCacheHit(cache, objectFile, cachekey)
+                    else:
+                        postProcessing = lambda compilerResult: postprocessObjectEvicted(
+                            cache, objectFile, cachekey, compilerResult)
                 else:
-                    postProcessing = lambda compilerResult: postprocessObjectEvicted(
-                        cache, objectFile, cachekey, compilerResult)
-            else:
-                postProcessing = lambda compilerResult: postprocessHeaderChangedMiss(
-                    cache, objectFile, manifestSection, manifest, manifestHash, includesContentHash, compilerResult)
+                    postProcessing = lambda compilerResult: postprocessHeaderChangedMiss(
+                        cache, objectFile, manifestSection, manifest, manifestHash, includesContentHash, compilerResult)
+            except FileNotFoundError:
+                # A header file may have disappeared, consider the manifest as invalid and invoke the compiler
+                invalidManifest = True
         else:
-            origCmdLine = cmdLine
-            stripIncludes = False
-            if '/showIncludes' not in cmdLine:
-                cmdLine = ['/showIncludes'] + origCmdLine
-                stripIncludes = True
-            postProcessing = lambda compilerResult: postprocessNoManifestMiss(
-                cache, objectFile, manifestSection, manifestHash, baseDir, sourceFile, compilerResult, stripIncludes)
+            invalidManifest = True
+
+    if invalidManifest:
+        stripIncludes = False
+        if '/showIncludes' not in cmdLine:
+            cmdLine = ['/showIncludes'] + cmdLine
+            stripIncludes = True
+        postProcessing = lambda compilerResult: postprocessNoManifestMiss(
+            cache, objectFile, manifestSection, manifestHash, baseDir, sourceFile, compilerResult, stripIncludes)
 
     compilerResult = invokeRealCompiler(compiler, cmdLine, captureOutput=True)
     compilerResult = postProcessing(compilerResult)
diff --git a/integrationtests.py b/integrationtests.py
index 39ae2f75..84200b44 100644
--- a/integrationtests.py
+++ b/integrationtests.py
@@ -311,6 +311,45 @@ def testNoDirect(self):
             output = subprocess.check_output(cmdRun).decode("ascii").strip()
             self.assertEqual(output, "2")
 
+    def testHeaderRemovedDirect(self):
+        with cd(os.path.join(ASSETS_DIR, "header-change")):
+            self._clean()
+
+            with open("version.h", "w") as header:
+                header.write("#define VERSION 1")
+
+            self._compileAndLink()
+            cmdRun = [os.path.abspath("main.exe")]
+            output = subprocess.check_output(cmdRun).decode("ascii").strip()
+            self.assertEqual(output, "1")
+
+            self._clean()
+
+            os.remove("version.h")
+
+            # should fail now
+            self._compileAndLink()
+
+    def testNoDirect(self):
+        with cd(os.path.join(ASSETS_DIR, "header-change")):
+            self._clean()
+
+            with open("version.h", "w") as header:
+                header.write("#define VERSION 1")
+
+            testEnvironment = dict(os.environ, CLCACHE_NODIRECT="1")
+
+            self._compileAndLink(testEnvironment)
+            cmdRun = [os.path.abspath("main.exe")]
+            output = subprocess.check_output(cmdRun).decode("ascii").strip()
+            self.assertEqual(output, "1")
+
+            self._clean()
+
+            os.remove("version.h")
+
+            # should fail now
+            self._compileAndLink()
 
 class TestRunParallel(unittest.TestCase):
     def _zeroStats(self):