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🚀 Quick Start

The library is available on PyPI, try pip install interpreto to install it.

Checkout the tutorials to get started:

• Attributions walkthrough (both classification and generation)
• Classification concept-based explanations
• Generation concept-based explanations

📦 What's Included

Interpreto 🪄 provides a modular framework encompassing Attribution Methods, Concept-Based Methods, and Evaluation Metrics.

Attribution Methods

Interpreto includes both inference-based and gradient-based attribution methods.

They all work seamlessly for both classification (...ForSequenceClassification) and generation (...ForCausalLM)

Inference-based Methods:

• KernelShap — Lundberg and Lee, 2017
• LIME — Ribeiro et al., 2013
• Occlusion — Zeiler and Fergus, 2014
• Sobol — Fel et al., 2021

Gradient-based methods:

• GradientShap — Lundberg and Lee, 2017
• InputxGradient — Simonyan et al., 2013
• Integrated Gradient — Sundararajan et al., 2017
• Saliency — Simonyan et al., 2013
• SmoothGrad — Smilkov et al., 2017
• SquareGrad — Hooker et al., 2019
• VarGrad — Richter et al., 2020

Concept-Based Methods or Mechanistic Interpretability

Concept-based explanations aim to provide high-level interpretations of latent model representations.

Interpreto generalizes these methods through three core steps:

1. Concept Discovery (e.g., from latent embeddings)
2. Concept Interpretation (mapping discovered concepts to human-understandable elements)
3. Concept-to-Output Attribution (assessing concept relevance to model outputs)

Dictionary Learning for Concept Discovery (mainly via Overcomplete):

• Interpret neurons directly via NeuronsAsConcepts
• NMF, Semi-NMF, ConvexNMF
• ICA, SVD, PCA, KMeans
• SAE variants: Vanilla SAE, TopK SAE, JumpReLU SAE, BatchTopK SAE

Available Concept Interpretation Techniques:

• Top-k tokens from tokenizer vocabulary via TopKInputs and use_vocab=True
• Top-k tokens/words/sentences/samples from specific datasets via TopKInputs
• Label concepts via LLMs with LLMLabels (Bills et al. 2023)

Concept Interpretation Techniques Added in the future:

• Input-to-concept attribution from dataset examples (Jourdan et al. 2023)
• Theme prediction via LLMs from top-k tokens/sentences
• Aligning concepts with human labels (Sajjad et al. 2022)
• Word cloud visualizations of concepts (Dalvi et al. 2022)
• VocabProj & TokenChange (Gur-Arieh et al. 2025)

Concept-to-Output Attribution:

Estimate the contribution of each concept to the model output.

Can be obtained with any concept-based explainer via MethodConcepts.concept_output_gradient().

Papers available in the future:

Thanks to this generalization encompassing all concept-based methods and our highly flexible architecture, we can easily obtain a large number of concept-based methods:

• CAV and TCAV: Kim et al. 2018, Interpretability Beyond Feature Attribution: Quantitative Testing with Concept Activation Vectors (TCAV)
• ConceptSHAP: Yeh et al. 2020, On Completeness-aware Concept-Based Explanations in Deep Neural Networks
• COCKATIEL: Jourdan et al. 2023, COCKATIEL: COntinuous Concept ranKed ATtribution with Interpretable ELements for explaining neural net classifiers on NLP
• Yun et al. 2021, Transformer visualization via dictionary learning: contextualized embedding as a linear superposition of transformer factors
• FFN values interpretation: Geva et al. 2022, Transformer Feed-Forward Layers Build Predictions by Promoting Concepts in the Vocabulary Space
• SparseCoding: Cunningham et al. 2023, Sparse Autoencoders Find Highly Interpretable Features in Language Models
• Parameter Interpretation: Dar et al. 2023, Analyzing Transformers in Embedding Space

Evaluation Metrics

Evaluation Metrics for Attribution

To evaluate attribution methods faithfulness, there are the Insertion and Deletion metrics.

Evaluation Metrics for Concepts

Concept-based methods have several steps that can be evaluated together via ConSim.

Or independently:

• Concept-space (dictionary learning evaluation)
  • faithfulness: MSE, FID, and ReconstructionError
  • complexity: Sparsity, SparsityRatio, SparsityRatio
  • stability: Stability
• Concepts interpretations
  • No metric yet, will be included soon.
• Concept-to-Output attribution
  • No metric yet, will be included soon.

👍 Contributing

Feel free to propose your ideas or come and contribute with us on the Interpreto 🪄 toolbox! We have a specific document where we describe in a simple way how to make your first pull request.

👀 See Also

More from the DEEL project:

• Xplique a Python library dedicated to explaining neural networks (Images, Time Series, Tabular data) on TensorFlow.
• Puncc a Python library for predictive uncertainty quantification using conformal prediction.
• oodeel a Python library that performs post-hoc deep Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection on already trained neural network image classifiers.
• deel-lip a Python library for training k-Lipschitz neural networks on TensorFlow.
• deel-torchlip a Python library for training k-Lipschitz neural networks on PyTorch.
• Influenciae a Python library dedicated to computing influence values for the discovery of potentially problematic samples in a dataset.
• DEEL White paper a summary of the DEEL team on the challenges of certifiable AI and the role of data quality, representativity and explainability for this purpose.

🙏 Acknowledgments

This project received funding from the French ”Investing for the Future – PIA3” program within the Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute (ANITI). The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the DEEL and the FOR projects.

👨‍🎓 Creators

Interpreto 🪄 is a project of the FOR and the DEEL teams at the IRT Saint-Exupéry in Toulouse, France.

🗞️ Citation

If you use Interpreto 🪄 as part of your workflow in a scientific publication, please consider citing 🗞️ our paper:

@article{poche2025interpreto,
    title       = {Interpreto: An Explainability Library for Transformers},
    author      = {Poch{\'e}, Antonin and Mullor, Thomas and Sarti, Gabriele and Boisnard, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Friedrich, Corentin and Claye, Charlotte and Hoofd, Fran{\c{c}}ois and Bernas, Raphael and Hudelot, C{\'e}line and Jourdan, Fanny},
    journal     = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.09730},
    year        = {2025}
}

📝 License

The package is released under MIT license.